pixelneighborhood.hxx

/************************************************************************/
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#ifndef VIGRA_PIXELNEIGHBORHOOD_HXX
#define VIGRA_PIXELNEIGHBORHOOD_HXX

#include "utilities.hxx"

namespace vigra {

/** \addtogroup PixelNeighborhood Utilities to manage pixel neighborhoods

    4- and 8-neighborhood definitions and circulators.

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>

    <b>See also:</b> \ref vigra::NeighborhoodCirculator
 */
//@{

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                      AtImageBorder                   */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Encode whether a point is near the image border.

    This enum is used with \ref isAtImageBorder() and
    \ref vigra::RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator.

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/

enum AtImageBorder
{
        NotAtBorder       = 0,     ///< &nbsp;
        RightBorder       = 1,     ///< &nbsp;
        LeftBorder        = 2,     ///< &nbsp;
        TopBorder         = 4,     ///< &nbsp;
        BottomBorder      = 8,     ///< &nbsp;
        FrontBorder       = 16,    ///< &nbsp;
        RearBorder        = 32,
        TopRightBorder    = TopBorder    | RightBorder,   //5
        TopLeftBorder     = TopBorder    | LeftBorder,    //6
        TopFrontBorder    = TopBorder    | FrontBorder,   //20
        TopRearBorder     = TopBorder    | RearBorder,    //36
        BottomLeftBorder  = BottomBorder | LeftBorder,    //10
        BottomRightBorder = BottomBorder | RightBorder,   //9
        BottomFrontBorder = BottomBorder | FrontBorder,   //24
        BottomRearBorder  = BottomBorder | RearBorder,    //40
        FrontLeftBorder   = FrontBorder  | LeftBorder,    //18
        FrontRightBorder  = FrontBorder  | RightBorder,   //17
        RearLeftBorder    = RearBorder   | LeftBorder,    //34
        RearRightBorder   = RearBorder   | RightBorder,   //33

        TopRightFrontBorder    = TopBorder    | RightBorder | FrontBorder,    //21
        TopLeftFrontBorder     = TopBorder    | LeftBorder  | FrontBorder,    //22
        BottomLeftFrontBorder  = BottomBorder | LeftBorder  | FrontBorder,    //26
        BottomRightFrontBorder = BottomBorder | RightBorder | FrontBorder,    //25
        TopRightRearBorder     = TopBorder    | RightBorder | RearBorder,     //37
        TopLeftRearBorder      = TopBorder    | LeftBorder  | RearBorder,     //38
        BottomLeftRearBorder   = BottomBorder | LeftBorder  | RearBorder,     //42
        BottomRightRearBorder  = BottomBorder | RightBorder | RearBorder      //41
};


/** \brief Find out whether a point is at the image border.

    This function checks if \a x == 0 or \a x == \a width - 1 and
    \a y == 0 or \a y == \a height - 1 and returns the appropriate value
    of \ref vigra::AtImageBorder, or zero when the point is not at the image border.
    The behavior of the function is undefined if (x,y) is not inside the image.

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
inline AtImageBorder isAtImageBorder(int x, int y, int width, int height)
{
    return static_cast<AtImageBorder>((x == 0
                                         ? LeftBorder
                                         : x == width-1
                                             ? RightBorder
                                             : NotAtBorder) |
                                       (y == 0
                                         ? TopBorder
                                         : y == height-1
                                             ? BottomBorder
                                             : NotAtBorder));
}

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                    FourNeighborhood                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** Utilities for 4-neighborhood. */
namespace FourNeighborhood
{

/** \brief Encapsulation of direction management for 4-neighborhood.

    This helper class allows the transformation between Freeman chain codes
    (East = 0, North = 1 etc.) and the corresponding Diff2D instances
    and back.

    You can either use the chain codes by explicit qualification:

    \code
    // the following three lines are equivalent
    FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode::Direction d = FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode::East;
    FourNeighborCode::Direction d = FourNeighborCode::East;
    FourNeighborhood::Direction d = FourNeighborhood::East;
    \endcode

    or you can fix 4-neighborhood by importing the entire namespace in
    your function:

    \code
    using namespace FourNeighborhood;

    Direction d = East;
    \endcode

    If you want to pass 4-neighborhood codes as a template parameter, use
    the class FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode.

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>
    Namespace: vigra::FourNeighborhood
*/
class NeighborCode
{
  public:

    typedef Diff2D difference_type;

        /** Freeman direction codes for the 4-neighborhood.
            <tt>East = 0</tt>, <tt>North = 1</tt> etc.
            <tt>DirectionCount</tt> may be used for portable loop termination conditions.
            <tt>CausalFirst</tt> and <tt>CausalLast</tt> are the first and last (inclusive)
            neighbors in the causal neighborhood, i.e. in the set of neighbors that have
            already been visited when the image is traversed in scan order.
            <tt>AntiCausalFirst</tt> and <tt>AntiCausalLast</tt> are the opposite.
        */
    enum Direction {
        Error = -1,     ///< &nbsp;
        East = 0,       ///< &nbsp;
        North,          ///< &nbsp;
        West,           ///< &nbsp;
        South,          ///< &nbsp;
        DirectionCount, ///< &nbsp;
        CausalFirst = North,     ///< &nbsp;
        CausalLast  = West,      ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalFirst = South, ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalLast  = East,   ///< &nbsp;

        InitialDirection = East,
        OppositeDirPrefix = 1,
        OppositeOffset = West
    };
    
    template <int DUMMY>
    struct StaticData
    {
        static unsigned int b[];
        static unsigned int c[];
        static Direction bd[11][4];
        static Diff2D d[];
        static Diff2D rd[][4];
    };

    static unsigned int directionBit(Direction d)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::b[d];
    };

        /** The number of valid neighbors if the current center is at the image border.
        */
    static unsigned int nearBorderDirectionCount(AtImageBorder b)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::c[b];
    }

        /** The valid direction codes when the center is at the image border.
            \a index must be in the range <tt>0...nearBorderDirectionCount(b)-1</tt>.
        */
    static Direction nearBorderDirections(AtImageBorder b, int index)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::bd[b][index];
    }

        /** Transform direction code into corresponding Diff2D offset.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(Direction code)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::d[code];
    }

        /** Equivalent to <tt>diff(static_cast<Direction>(code))</tt>.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(int code) { return diff(static_cast<Direction>(code)); }

        /** Get the relative offset from one neighbor to the other.
            For example, <tt>relativeDiff(East, West) == Diff2D(-2,0)</tt>.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(Direction fromCode, Direction toCode)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::rd[fromCode][toCode];
    }

        /** Equivalent to relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode)).
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(int fromCode, int toCode)
    {
        return relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode));
    }

        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(Direction code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(Direction code) { return diff(code).y; }
        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(int code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(int code) { return diff(code).y; }

        /** Transform Diff2D offset into corresponding direction code.
            The code <tt>Direction::Error</tt> will be returned if <tt>diff</tt>
            is not in the 4-neighborhood.
        */
    static Direction code(Diff2D const & diff)
    {
        switch(diff.x)
        {
            case  0:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 1:
                        return South;
                    case -1:
                        return North;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
            case -1:
            {
                return (diff.y == 0) ?
                            West :
                            Error;
            }
            case  1:
            {
                return (diff.y == 0) ?
                            East :
                            Error;
            }
        }
        return Error;
    }

        /** Check whether a code refers to a diagonal direction.
            Useful if you want to abstract the differences between 4- and 8-neighborhood.
            Always <tt>false</tt> for 4-neighborhood.
        */
    static bool isDiagonal(Direction) { return false; }

    static Diff2D const & right()        { return diff(East); }    /**<  Offset to the right neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & top()          { return diff(North); }   /**<  Offset to the top neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & left()         { return diff(West); }    /**<  Offset to the left neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottom()       { return diff(South); }   /**<  Offset to the bottom neighbor */

    static Diff2D const & east()       { return diff(East); }    /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & north()      { return diff(North); }   /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & west()       { return diff(West); }    /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & south()      { return diff(South); }   /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */
};


    /** Export NeighborCode::Direction into the scope of namespace FourNeighborhood.
    */
typedef NeighborCode::Direction Direction;

static const Direction Error          = NeighborCode::Error;          /**<  Export NeighborCode::Error to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction East           = NeighborCode::East;           /**<  Export NeighborCode::East to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction North          = NeighborCode::North;          /**<  Export NeighborCode::North to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction West           = NeighborCode::West;           /**<  Export NeighborCode::West to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction South          = NeighborCode::South;          /**<  Export NeighborCode::South to namespace FourNeighborhood */
static const Direction DirectionCount = NeighborCode::DirectionCount; /**<  Export NeighborCode::DirectionCount to namespace FourNeighborhood */

inline Diff2D const & east()       { return NeighborCode::diff(East); }    /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & north()      { return NeighborCode::diff(North); }   /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & west()       { return NeighborCode::diff(West); }    /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & south()      { return NeighborCode::diff(South); }   /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */


template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::b[] = {1 << East,
                                                    1 << North,
                                                    1 << West,
                                                    1 << South };

template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::c[] = { 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 2, 2, 0, 3, 2, 2};

template <int DUMMY>
Direction NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::bd[11][4] = {
                { East, North, West, South},
                { North, West, South, Error},
                { East, North, South, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, West, South, Error},
                { West, South, Error, Error},
                { East, South, Error, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, North, West, Error},
                { North, West, Error, Error},
                { East, North, Error, Error}
             };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::d[] = {
            Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(0, 1)
        };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::rd[][4] = {
            { Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(-2, 0), Diff2D(-1, 1) },
            { Diff2D(1, 1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(0, 2) },
            { Diff2D(2, 0), Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(1, 1) },
            { Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, -2), Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(0, 0) }
        };

} // namespace FourNeighborhood



    /** Export \ref vigra::FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode into the scope of namespace vigra.
    */
typedef FourNeighborhood::NeighborCode FourNeighborCode;

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                   EightNeighborhood                  */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** Utilities for 8-neighborhood. */
namespace EightNeighborhood
{
/** \brief Encapsulation of direction management for the 8-neighborhood.

    This helper class allows the transformation between Freeman chain codes
    (East = 0, NorthEast = 1 etc.) and the corresponding Diff2D instances
    and back.

    You can either use the chain codes by explicit qualification:

    \code
    // the following three lines are equivalent
    EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode::Direction d = EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode::East;
    EightNeighborCode::Direction d               = EightNeighborCode::East;
    EightNeighborhood::Direction d               = EightNeighborhood::East;
    \endcode

    or you can fix 8-neighborhood by importing the entire namespace in
    your function:

    \code
    using namespace EightNeighborhood;

    Direction d = East;
    \endcode

    If you want to pass 8-neighborhood codes as a template parameter, use
    the class EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode.

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>
    Namespace: vigra::EightNeighborhood
*/
class NeighborCode
{
  public:

    typedef Diff2D difference_type;

        /** Freeman direction codes for the 8-neighborhood.
            <tt>East = 0</tt>, <tt>North = 1</tt> etc.
            <tt>DirectionCount</tt> may be used for portable loop termination conditions.
            <tt>CausalFirst</tt> and <tt>CausalLast</tt> are the first and last (inclusive)
            neighbors in the causal neighborhood, i.e. in the set of neighbors that have
            already been visited when the image is traversed in scan order.
            <tt>AntiCausalFirst</tt> and <tt>AntiCausalLast</tt> are the opposite.
        */
    enum Direction {
        Error = -1,     ///< &nbsp;
        East = 0,       ///< &nbsp;
        NorthEast,      ///< &nbsp;
        North,          ///< &nbsp;
        NorthWest,      ///< &nbsp;
        West,           ///< &nbsp;
        SouthWest,      ///< &nbsp;
        South,          ///< &nbsp;
        SouthEast,      ///< &nbsp;
        DirectionCount, ///< &nbsp;
        CausalFirst = NorthEast,     ///< &nbsp;
        CausalLast  = West,          ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalFirst = SouthWest, ///< &nbsp;
        AntiCausalLast  = East,       ///< &nbsp;

        InitialDirection = East,
        OppositeDirPrefix = 1,
        OppositeOffset = West
    };

    template <int DUMMY>
    struct StaticData
    {
        static unsigned int b[];
        static unsigned int c[];
        static Direction bd[11][8];
        static Diff2D d[];
        static Diff2D rd[][8];
    };

    static unsigned int directionBit(Direction d)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::b[d];
    };

        /** The number of valid neighbors if the current center is at the image border.
        */
    static unsigned int nearBorderDirectionCount(AtImageBorder b)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::c[b];
    }

        /** The valid direction codes when the center is at the image border.
            \a index must be in the range <tt>0...nearBorderDirectionCount(b)-1</tt>.
        */
    static Direction nearBorderDirections(AtImageBorder b, int index)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::bd[b][index];
    }

        /** Transform direction code into corresponding Diff2D offset.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(Direction code)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::d[code];
    }

        /** Equivalent to diff(static_cast<Direction>(code)).
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & diff(int code) { return diff(static_cast<Direction>(code)); }

        /** Get the relative offset from one neighbor to the other.
            For example, <tt>relativeDiff(East, West) == Diff2D(-2,0)</tt>.
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(Direction fromCode, Direction toCode)
    {
        return StaticData<0>::rd[fromCode][toCode];
    }

        /** Equivalent to relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode)).
            (note: there is no bounds checking on the code you pass.)
        */
    static Diff2D const & relativeDiff(int fromCode, int toCode)
    {
        return relativeDiff(static_cast<Direction>(fromCode), static_cast<Direction>(toCode));
    }

        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(Direction code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(Direction code) { return diff(code).y; }
        /**  X-component of diff() */
    static int dX(int code) { return diff(code).x; }
        /**  Y-component of diff() */
    static int dY(int code) { return diff(code).y; }

        /** Transform 4-neighborhood code into 8-neighborhood code.
        */
    static Direction code(FourNeighborhood::Direction d)
        { return static_cast<Direction>(2*d); }

        /** Transform Diff2D offset into corresponding direction code.
            The code <tt>Direction::Error</tt> will be returned if <tt>diff</tt>
            is not in the 8-neighborhood.
        */
    static Direction code(Diff2D const & diff)
    {
        switch(diff.x)
        {
            case  0:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 1:
                        return South;
                    case -1:
                        return North;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
            case -1:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 0:
                        return West;
                    case 1:
                        return SouthWest;
                    case -1:
                        return NorthWest;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
            case  1:
            {
                switch(diff.y)
                {
                    case 0:
                        return East;
                    case 1:
                        return SouthEast;
                    case -1:
                        return NorthEast;
                    default:
                        return Error;
                }
            }
        }
        return Error;
    }

        /** Check whether a code refers to a diagonal direction.
            Useful if you want to abstract the differences between 4- and 8-neighborhood.
        */
    static bool isDiagonal(Direction code) { return (code % 2) != 0; }

    static Diff2D const & right()        { return diff(East); }        /**<  Offset to the right neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & topRight()     { return diff(NorthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the topRight neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & top()          { return diff(North); }       /**<  Offset to the top neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & topLeft()      { return diff(NorthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the topLeft neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & left()         { return diff(West); }        /**<  Offset to the left neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottomLeft()   { return diff(SouthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the bottomLeft neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottom()       { return diff(South); }       /**<  Offset to the bottom neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & bottomRight()  { return diff(SouthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the bottomRight neighbor */

    static Diff2D const & east()       { return diff(East); }        /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & northEast()  { return diff(NorthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the northEast neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & north()      { return diff(North); }       /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & northWest()  { return diff(NorthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the northWest neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & west()       { return diff(West); }        /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & southWest()  { return diff(SouthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the southWest neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & south()      { return diff(South); }       /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */
    static Diff2D const & southEast()  { return diff(SouthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the southEast neighbor */
};

    /** Export NeighborCode::Direction into the scope of namespace EightNeighborhood.
    */
typedef NeighborCode::Direction Direction;

static const Direction East           = NeighborCode::East;        /**<  Export NeighborCode::East to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction NorthEast      = NeighborCode::NorthEast;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::NorthEast to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction North          = NeighborCode::North;       /**<  Export NeighborCode::North to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction NorthWest      = NeighborCode::NorthWest;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::NorthWest to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction West           = NeighborCode::West;        /**<  Export NeighborCode::West to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction SouthWest      = NeighborCode::SouthWest;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::SouthWest to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction South          = NeighborCode::South;       /**<  Export NeighborCode::South to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction SouthEast      = NeighborCode::SouthEast;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::SouthEast to namespace EightNeighborhood */
static const Direction DirectionCount = NeighborCode::DirectionCount;   /**<  Export NeighborCode::DirectionCount to namespace EightNeighborhood */

inline Diff2D const & east()       { return NeighborCode::diff(East); }        /**<  Offset to the east neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & northEast()  { return NeighborCode::diff(NorthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the northEast neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & north()      { return NeighborCode::diff(North); }       /**<  Offset to the north neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & northWest()  { return NeighborCode::diff(NorthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the northWest neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & west()       { return NeighborCode::diff(West); }        /**<  Offset to the west neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & southWest()  { return NeighborCode::diff(SouthWest); }   /**<  Offset to the southWest neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & south()      { return NeighborCode::diff(South); }       /**<  Offset to the south neighbor */
inline Diff2D const & southEast()  { return NeighborCode::diff(SouthEast); }   /**<  Offset to the southEast neighbor */

template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::b[] = {
                                   1 << East,
                                   1 << NorthEast,
                                   1 << North,
                                   1 << NorthWest,
                                   1 << West,
                                   1 << SouthWest,
                                   1 << South,
                                   1 << SouthEast};

template <int DUMMY>
unsigned int NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::c[] = { 8, 5, 5, 0, 5, 3, 3, 0, 5, 3, 3};

template <int DUMMY>
Direction NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::bd[11][8] = {
                { East, NorthEast, North, NorthWest, West, SouthWest, South, SouthEast},
                { North, NorthWest, West, SouthWest, South, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, NorthEast, North, South, SouthEast, Error, Error, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, West, SouthWest, South, SouthEast, Error, Error, Error},
                { West, SouthWest, South, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, South, SouthEast, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, NorthEast, North, NorthWest, West, Error, Error, Error},
                { North, NorthWest, West, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error},
                { East, NorthEast, North, Error, Error, Error, Error, Error}
             };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::d[] = {
            Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(-1, -1),
            Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(1, 1)
        };

template <int DUMMY>
Diff2D NeighborCode::StaticData<DUMMY>::rd[][8] = {
            { Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(-2, -1),
              Diff2D(-2, 0), Diff2D(-2, 1), Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(0, 1) },
            { Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(-2, 0),
              Diff2D(-2, 1), Diff2D(-2, 2), Diff2D(-1, 2), Diff2D(0, 2) },
            { Diff2D(1, 1), Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(-1, 0),
              Diff2D(-1, 1), Diff2D(-1, 2), Diff2D(0, 2), Diff2D(1, 2) },
            { Diff2D(2, 1), Diff2D(2, 0), Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0),
              Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(0, 2), Diff2D(1, 2), Diff2D(2, 2) },
            { Diff2D(2, 0), Diff2D(2, -1), Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(0, -1),
              Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(0, 1), Diff2D(1, 1), Diff2D(2, 1) },
            { Diff2D(2, -1), Diff2D(2, -2), Diff2D(1, -2), Diff2D(0, -2),
              Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(1, 0), Diff2D(2, 0) },
            { Diff2D(1, -1), Diff2D(1, -2), Diff2D(0, -2), Diff2D(-1, -2),
              Diff2D(-1, -1), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0), Diff2D(1, 0) },
            { Diff2D(0, -1), Diff2D(0, -2), Diff2D(-1, -2), Diff2D(-2, -2),
              Diff2D(-2, -1), Diff2D(-2, 0), Diff2D(-1, 0), Diff2D(0, 0) }
        };

} // namespace EightNeighborhood

    /** Export \ref vigra::EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode into the scope of namespace vigra.
    */
typedef EightNeighborhood::NeighborCode EightNeighborCode;

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*              NeighborOffsetCirculator                */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Circulator that walks around a given location.

    The template parameter defines the kind of neighborhood used, e.g.

    \code
    NeighborOffsetCirculator<EightNeighborCode> eight_circulator;
    NeighborOffsetCirculator<FourNeighborCode>  four_circulator;
    \endcode

    Since this circulator doesn't know about the pixels in any particular image,
    you usually don't use it directly but rather as a base class or helper for
    neighborhood circulators referring to a particular image (e.g. NeighborhoodCirculator)

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>
    Namespace: vigra
*/
template<class NEIGHBORCODE>
class NeighborOffsetCirculator
: public NEIGHBORCODE
{
public:
    typedef NEIGHBORCODE NeighborCode;

        /** return type of direction()
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBORCODE::Direction Direction;

        /** the circulator's value type
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBORCODE::difference_type value_type;

        /** the circulator's reference type (return type of <TT>*circ</TT>)
        */
    typedef value_type const & reference;

        /** the circulator's index reference type (return type of <TT>circ[n]</TT>)
        */
    typedef value_type const & index_reference;

        /** the circulator's pointer type (return type of <TT>operator-></TT>)
        */
    typedef value_type const * pointer;

        /** the circulator's difference type (argument type of <TT>circ[diff]</TT>)
        */
    typedef int difference_type;

        /** the circulator tag (random access iterator)
        */
    typedef random_access_circulator_tag iterator_category;

protected:
    Direction direction_;

public:
        /** Create circulator referring to the given direction.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator(Direction dir = NEIGHBORCODE::InitialDirection)
        : direction_(dir)
    {
    }

        /** pre-increment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator++()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_+1) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** pre-decrement */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator--()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount-1) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** post-increment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator++(int)
    {
        NeighborOffsetCirculator ret(*this);
        operator++();
        return ret;
    }

        /** post-decrement */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator--(int)
    {
        NeighborOffsetCirculator ret(*this);
        operator--();
        return ret;
    }

        /** add-assignment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator+=(difference_type d)
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + d) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        if(direction_ < 0)
            direction_ = static_cast<Direction>(direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** subtract-assignment */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & operator-=(difference_type d)
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ - d) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        if(direction_ < 0)
            direction_ = static_cast<Direction>(direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** addition */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator+(difference_type d) const
    {
        return NeighborOffsetCirculator(*this) += d;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator operator-(difference_type d) const
    {
        return NeighborOffsetCirculator(*this) -= d;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'right' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator--</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator -= 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnRight()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::South) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'left' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator++</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnLeft()
    {
        direction_ = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::North) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the opposite direction of the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator += 2</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 4</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnRound()
    {
        direction_ = opposite();
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the given direction.
        */
    NeighborOffsetCirculator & turnTo(Direction d)
    {
        direction_ = d;
        return *this;
    }

        /** equality */
    bool operator==(NeighborOffsetCirculator const & o) const
    {
        return direction_ == o.direction_;
    }

        /** inequality */
    bool operator!=(NeighborOffsetCirculator const & o) const
    {
        return direction_ != o.direction_;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    difference_type operator-(NeighborOffsetCirculator const & o) const
    {
        return direction_ - o.direction_;
    }

        /** dereference */
    reference operator*() const
    {
        return diff();
    }

        /** index */
    index_reference operator[](difference_type d) const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::diff(direction(d));
    }

        /** member access */
    pointer operator->() const
    {
        return &diff();
    }

        /** Get offset from center to current neighbor.
        */
    reference diff() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::diff(direction_);
    }

        /** Get offset to given direction.
        */
    static reference diff(Direction dir)
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::diff(dir);
    }

        /** Get relative distance from current neighbor to neighbor
            at given offset.
        */
    value_type relativeDiff(difference_type offset) const
    {
        Direction toDir = static_cast<Direction>((direction_ + offset) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        if(toDir < 0)
            toDir = static_cast<Direction>(toDir + NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
        return NEIGHBORCODE::relativeDiff(direction_, toDir);
    }

        /** X-component of diff()  */
    int dX() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::dX(direction_);
    }

        /** Y-component of diff() */
    int dY() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::dY(direction_);
    }

        /** Check whether current direction is a diagonal one.
        */
    bool isDiagonal() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::isDiagonal(direction_);
    }

        /** Get current direction.
        */
    Direction direction() const
    {
        return direction_;
    }

        /** Get current direction bit.
        */
    unsigned int directionBit() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::directionBit(direction_);
    }

        /** Get opposite of current direction.
        */
    Direction opposite() const
    {
        return static_cast<Direction>((NEIGHBORCODE::OppositeDirPrefix*direction_ + NEIGHBORCODE::OppositeOffset) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount);
    }

        /** Get opposite bit of current direction.
        */
    unsigned int oppositeDirectionBit() const
    {
        return NEIGHBORCODE::directionBit(opposite());
    }

        /** Get direction code at offset of current direction.
        */
    Direction direction(difference_type offset) const
    {
        int result = (direction_ + offset) % NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount;
        if(result < 0)
            result += NEIGHBORCODE::DirectionCount;
        return static_cast<Direction>(result);
    }
};

/** Specialization of NeighborOffsetCirculator for 8-neighborhood.
*/
typedef NeighborOffsetCirculator<EightNeighborCode> EightNeighborOffsetCirculator;

/** Specialization of NeighborOffsetCirculator for 4-neighborhood.
*/
typedef NeighborOffsetCirculator<FourNeighborCode> FourNeighborOffsetCirculator;


//@}

/** \addtogroup ImageIteratorAdapters
 */
//@{

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*                NeighborhoodCirculator                */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Circulator that walks around a given location in a given image.

    The template parameters define the kind of neighborhood used and the underlying
    image. The access functions return the value of the current neighbor pixel.
    Use <tt>center()</tt> to access the center pixel of the neighborhood.
    The center can be changed by calling <tt>moveCenterToNeighbor()</tt>
    or <tt>swapCenterNeighbor()</tt>. Note that this circulator cannot be used
    when the center is at the image border. You must then use
    \ref vigra::RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator

    <b>Usage:</b><br>

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    BImage::traverser upperleft(...), lowerright(...);

    int width  = lowerright.x - upperleft.x;
    int height = lowerright.y - upperleft.y;

    ++upperleft.y; // avoid image border
    for(int y=1; y<height-1; ++y, ++upperleft.y)
    {
        BImage::traverser ix = upperleft + Diff2D(1,0);
        for(int x=1; x<width-1; ++x, ++ix.x)
        {
            // analyse all neighbors of a pixel (use FourNeighborCode
            // instead of EightNeighborCode for 4-neighborhood):
            NeighborhoodCirculator<BImage::traverser, EightNeighborCode>
                           circulator(ix),
                           end(circulator);
            do
            {
                analysisFunc(*circulator, ...); // do sth. with current neighbor
            }
            while(++circulator != end); // compare with start/end circulator
        }
    }
    \endcode
*/
template <class IMAGEITERATOR, class NEIGHBORCODE>
class NeighborhoodCirculator : private IMAGEITERATOR
{
    typedef NeighborOffsetCirculator<NEIGHBORCODE> NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR;


public:
        /** type of the underlying image iterator
        */
    typedef IMAGEITERATOR base_type;

        /** type of the used neighbor code
        */
    typedef NEIGHBORCODE NeighborCode;

        /** the circulator's value type
        */
    typedef typename IMAGEITERATOR::value_type value_type;

        /** type of the direction code
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBORCODE::Direction Direction;

        /** the circulator's reference type (return type of <TT>*circ</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename IMAGEITERATOR::reference reference;

        /** the circulator's index reference type (return type of <TT>circ[n]</TT>)
        */

    typedef reference index_reference;

        /** the circulator's pointer type (return type of <TT>operator-></TT>)
        */
    typedef typename IMAGEITERATOR::pointer pointer;

        /** the circulator's difference type (argument type of <TT>circ[diff]</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::difference_type difference_type;

        /** the circulator tag (random_access_circulator_tag)
        */
    typedef typename NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::iterator_category iterator_category;

        /** Construct circulator with given <tt>center</tt> pixel, pointing to the neighbor
            at the given direction <tt>d</tt>.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator(IMAGEITERATOR const & aCenter = IMAGEITERATOR(),
                           Direction d = NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::InitialDirection)
        : IMAGEITERATOR(aCenter), neighborCode_(d)
    {
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.diff());
    }

        /** pre-increment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator++()
    {
        return operator+=(1);
    }

        /** post-increment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator++(int)
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator++();
        return ret;
    }

        /** pre-decrement */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator--()
    {
        return operator+=(-1);
    }

        /** post-decrement */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator--(int)
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator--();
        return ret;
    }

        /** add-assignment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator+=(difference_type d)
    {
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.relativeDiff(d));
        neighborCode_+= d;
        return *this;
    }

        /** subtract-assignment */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & operator-=(difference_type d)
    {
        return operator+=(-d);
    }

        /** addition */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator+(difference_type d) const
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result+= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    NeighborhoodCirculator operator-(difference_type d) const
    {
        NeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result-= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'right' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator--</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator -= 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnRight()
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnRight();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the direction that is 'left' relative to the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator++</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 2</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnLeft()
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnLeft();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the opposite direction of the current direction.
            This is equivalent to <tt>four_circulator += 2</tt> and
            <tt>eight_circulator += 4</tt> respectively.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnRound()
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnRound();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move to the given direction.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & turnTo(Direction d)
    {
        Direction oldDirection = neighborCode_.direction();
        neighborCode_.turnTo(d);
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(NeighborCode::relativeDiff
                                  (oldDirection, neighborCode_.direction()));
        return *this;
    }

        /** Move the center in the current direction.
            The current neighbor becomes the new center, the direction does not change.
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & moveCenterToNeighbor()
    {
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.diff());
        return *this;
    }

        /** Exchange the center with the current neighbor.
            Equivalent to <tt>circ.moveCenterToNeighbor().turnRound()</tt>
            (but shorter and more efficient).
        */
    NeighborhoodCirculator & swapCenterNeighbor()
    {
        neighborCode_.turnRound();
        IMAGEITERATOR::operator+=(neighborCode_.diff());
        return *this;
    }

        /** equality */
    bool operator==(NeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return neighborCode_ == rhs.neighborCode_ &&
               IMAGEITERATOR::operator==(rhs);
    }

        /** inequality */
    bool operator!=(NeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return neighborCode_ != rhs.neighborCode_ ||
               IMAGEITERATOR::operator!=(rhs);
    }

        /** subtraction */
    difference_type operator-(NeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return neighborCode_ - rhs.neighborCode_;
    }

        /** dereference */
    reference operator*() const
    {
        return IMAGEITERATOR::operator*();
    }

        /** index */
    index_reference operator[](difference_type d) const
    {
        return IMAGEITERATOR::operator[](neighborCode_.relativeDiff(d));
    }

        /** member access */
    pointer operator->() const
    {
        return IMAGEITERATOR::operator->();
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the current neighbor. */
    base_type const & base() const
    {
        return *this;
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the center of the circulator. */
    base_type center() const
    {
        return (base_type)*this - neighborCode_.diff();
    }

        /** Get the current direction. */
    Direction direction() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.direction();
    }

        /** Get the current direction bit. */
    unsigned int directionBit() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.directionBit();
    }

        /** Get the difference vector (Diff2D) from the center to the current neighbor. */
    typename NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR::value_type const & diff() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.diff();
    }

        /** Is the current neighbor a diagonal neighbor? */
    bool isDiagonal() const
    {
        return neighborCode_.isDiagonal();
    }

private:
    NEIGHBOROFFSETCIRCULATOR neighborCode_;
};

/********************************************************/
/*                                                      */
/*            RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator          */
/*                                                      */
/********************************************************/

/** \brief Circulator that walks around a given location in a given image,
           using a restricted neighborhood.

    This circulator behaves essentially like \ref vigra::NeighborhoodCirculator,
    but can also be used near the image border, where some of the neighbor points
    would be outside the image und must not be accessed.
    The template parameters define the kind of neighborhood used (four or eight)
    and the underlying image, whereas the required neighborhood restriction is
    given by the last constructor argument. This below for typical usage.

    The access functions return the value of the current neighbor pixel. Use <tt>center()</tt> to
    access the center pixel of the neighborhood.

    <b>Usage:</b><br>

    <b>\#include</b> <vigra/pixelneighborhood.hxx><br>
    Namespace: vigra

    \code
    BImage::traverser upperleft(...), lowerright(...);

    int width  = lowerright.x - upperleft.x;
    int height = lowerright.y - upperleft.y;

    for(int y=0; y<height; ++y, ++upperleft.y)
    {
        BImage::traverser ix = upperleft;
        for(int x=0; x<width; ++x, ++ix.x)
        {
            // use FourNeighborCode instead of EightNeighborCode for 4-neighborhood
            RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator<BImage::traverser, EightNeighborCode>
                           circulator(ix, isAtImageBorder(x, y, width, height)),
                           end(circulator);
            do
            {
                ... // do something with the circulator
            }
            while(++circulator != end); // out-of-range pixels will be automatically skipped
        }
    }
    \endcode
*/
template <class IMAGEITERATOR, class NEIGHBORCODE>
class RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator
: private NeighborhoodCirculator<IMAGEITERATOR, NEIGHBORCODE>
{
    typedef NeighborhoodCirculator<IMAGEITERATOR, NEIGHBORCODE> BaseType;

public:
        /** type of the underlying image iterator
        */
    typedef IMAGEITERATOR base_type;

        /** type of the used neighbor code
        */
    typedef NEIGHBORCODE NeighborCode;

        /** the circulator's value type
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::value_type value_type;

        /** type of the direction code
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::Direction Direction;

        /** the circulator's reference type (return type of <TT>*circ</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::reference reference;

        /** the circulator's index reference type (return type of <TT>circ[n]</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::index_reference index_reference;

        /** the circulator's pointer type (return type of <TT>operator-></TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::pointer pointer;

        /** the circulator's difference type (argument type of <TT>circ[diff]</TT>)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::difference_type difference_type;

        /** the circulator tag (random_access_circulator_tag)
        */
    typedef typename BaseType::iterator_category iterator_category;

        /** Construct circulator with given <tt>center</tt> pixel, using the restricted
            neighborhood given by \a atBorder.
        */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator(IMAGEITERATOR const & center = IMAGEITERATOR(),
                                     AtImageBorder atBorder = NotAtBorder)
        : BaseType(center, NEIGHBORCODE::nearBorderDirections(atBorder, 0)),
          whichBorder_(atBorder),
          count_(NEIGHBORCODE::nearBorderDirectionCount(atBorder)),
          current_(0)
    {}

        /** pre-increment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator++()
    {
        return operator+=(1);
    }

        /** post-increment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator++(int)
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator++();
        return ret;
    }

        /** pre-decrement */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator--()
    {
        return operator+=(-1);
    }

        /** post-decrement */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator--(int)
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator ret(*this);
        operator--();
        return ret;
    }

        /** add-assignment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator+=(difference_type d)
    {
        current_ = static_cast<Direction>((current_ + count_ + d) % count_);
        BaseType::turnTo(NEIGHBORCODE::nearBorderDirections(whichBorder_, current_));
        return *this;
    }

        /** subtract-assignment */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator & operator-=(difference_type d)
    {
        return operator+=(-d);
    }

        /** addition */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator+(difference_type d) const
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result+= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator operator-(difference_type d) const
    {
        RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator result(*this);
        result-= d;
        return result;
    }

        /** equality */
    bool operator==(RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return current_ == rhs.current_;
    }

        /** inequality */
    bool operator!=(RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return current_ != rhs.current_;
    }

        /** subtraction */
    difference_type operator-(RestrictedNeighborhoodCirculator const & rhs) const
    {
        return (current_ - rhs.current_) % count_;
    }

        /** dereference */
    reference operator*() const
    {
        return BaseType::operator*();
    }

        /** member access */
    pointer operator->() const
    {
        return BaseType::operator->();
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the current neighbor. */
    base_type const & base() const
    {
        return BaseType::base();
    }

        /** Get the base iterator for the center of the circulator. */
    base_type center() const
    {
        return BaseType::center();
    }

        /** Get the current direction. */
    Direction direction() const
    {
        return BaseType::direction();
    }

        /** Get the current direction bit. */
    unsigned int directionBit() const
    {
        return BaseType::directionBit();
    }

        /** Get the difference vector (Diff2D) from the center to the current neighbor. */
    typename NeighborCode::difference_type const & diff() const
    {
        return BaseType::diff();
    }

        /** Is the current neighbor a diagonal neighbor? */
    bool isDiagonal() const
    {
        return BaseType::isDiagonal();
    }

private:
     AtImageBorder whichBorder_;
     signed char count_, current_;
};

//@}

} // namespace vigra

#endif /* VIGRA_PIXELNEIGHBORHOOD_HXX */